Ayeneh dar Ayeneh (Mirror in Mirror) by Hushang Ebtehaj

Modern Persian poetry emerged in the late 19th and early 20th centuries as a response to the rapidly changing political, social, and cultural landscape of Iran. Influenced by Western literary movements and the intellectual currents of the time, it marked a departure from the classical forms of Persian poetry, embracing free verse and more direct expression. Modern Persian poets sought to break away from the rigid constraints of traditional poetry, exploring new themes, language, and structure. They addressed the socio-political struggles of the era, the quest for national identity, and the tension between tradition and modernity. Prominent poets such as Nima Yushij, who is often considered the father of modern Persian poetry, introduced the concept of “she’r-e-no” (new poetry), which rejected the strict meters and rhyme schemes of classical Persian poetry in favor of free verse. This new style allowed poets to experiment with more fluid and spontaneous forms of expression. In the years that followed, poets like Forough Farrokhzad, Ahmad Shamloo, and Sima Bina further expanded the boundaries of Persian poetry, incorporating feminist, existential, and political themes into their works. Modern Persian poetry continues to evolve, remaining a powerful tool for social critique, self-expression, and a reflection of the ever-changing cultural landscape of Iran.